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#LudgerBedardConsultingPrivateDetective #LudgerBedard #JamesKurtnay #Distillery #GreyAlien #Bidziil #Laboratory #Alchemy #Detective #Adventurer #Occult #Paranormal #Magic #Alchemy #3DAnimation
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Residential in Pyramide de Couhard, Autun at 1480. British aristocracy residential location in Ludger Palace in London, City of Westminster, St James’s at 1700. Ludger Castle 1750 at Nottingham. Claridge Hotel, London in Ludger at 1830-1860.
To date, we have found more than 5,500 planets orbiting other stars in our galaxy, called exoplanets. But such observations are in their infancy, trillions of worlds are likely scattered throughout the Milky Way. Upon some of these worlds we have started to hunt both for the chemical signatures in their atmospheres that might indicate biological activity and even technosignatures that might be emitted by intelligent life forms, radio signals either purposefully or accidentally sent in our direction.
Grey aliens are purported extraterrestrial beings. Such claims vary widely, but typically Greys are described as being human-like with bodies with smooth, grey-colored skin; enlarged, hairless heads, and large, blue eyes.
Greys are typically depicted as grey-skinned, humanoid beings that possess reduced forms of, or completely lack, external human body parts such as noses, ears, or sex organs. Their bodies are usually depicted as being elongated, having a small chest, and lacking in muscular definition and visible skeletal structure. Their legs are depicted as being shorter and jointed differently from humans with limbs proportionally different from a human.
Alien Bidziil at Claridge’s in 1855 at 3 days. Bidziil, Ludger and James in at Nottingham a transporter teleportation machine convert a person or object into an energy pattern (1856-1860). Quantum teleportation is distinct from regular teleportation, as it does not transfer matter from one place to another, but rather transmits the information necessary to prepare a target system in the same quantum state as the source system. The scheme was named quantum “Teleportation”, because certain properties of the source system are recreated in the target system without any apparent quantum information carrier propagating between the two.
Transporters allow for teleportation by converting a person or object into an energy pattern, a process called “Dematerialization”, then sending “Beaming” it to a target location or else returning it to the transporter, where it is reconverted into matter “Rematerialization”. Teleportation the ability to transport a person or object instantly from one place to another (1870).
Transporter teleportation machine at Pyramide de Couhard (Autun, France), James Castle (Port Ellen, Scotland, United Kingdom), Ludger Castle (Nottingham, East Midlands, United Kingdom), Ludger Palace (St James’s, London, United Kingdom), Claridge Hotel (London, United Kingdom), La Meije (France), Florence (Italy), Salzburg (Austria), Málaga (Spain), Mont-Tremblant (Quebec, Canada), Sudbury (Ontario, Canada), Vancouver (British Columbia, Canada), San Francisco (California, USA), Etc….
Bidziil alcoholism, also known as alcohol use disorder, is a broad term for any drinking of alcohol that results in mental or physical health problems (1900-***).
Ludger Bedard and James Kurtnay and Bidziil
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#Paranormal #DrScientist #Chupacabras #ExtrasensoryPerception #Cryptozoology #Telekinesis #Poltergeists #Ghost #UFO #Alien #Extraterrestrial
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Chupacabras
The Chupacabras literally “Goat-Sucker”; from Spanish: Chupa, “Sucks”, and Cabras, “Goats” is a legendary creature in the folklore of parts of the Americas. The name comes from the animal’s reported vampirism the Chupacabras is said to attack and drink the blood of livestock, chickens, farm animals, pet, and including goats. When it sucks blood, it allegedly makes an odd noise.
Physical descriptions of the creature vary. In Puerto Rico and in Hispanic America it is generally described as a heavy creature, reptilian and alien-like, roughly the size of a small bear, and with a row of spines reaching from the neck to the base of the tail, while in the Southwestern United States it is depicted as more dog-like.
Initial sightings and accompanying descriptions first occurred in Puerto Rico. The creature has since been reported as far north as Maine, as far south as Chile, and even outside the Americas in countries like Russia and Philippines.
Initially, it was suspected that the killings were committed by a Satanic cult; later more killings were reported around the island, and many farms reported loss of animal life. Each of the animals was reported to have had its body bled dry through a series of small circular incisions.
Shortly after the first reported incidents in Puerto Rico, other animal deaths were reported in other countries, such as Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, and the United States.
It was a creature that looked like the Chupacabras, with spines on its back and all… The resemblance to the Chupacabras was really impressive. It believed that the creatures and events she saw were happening in reality in Puerto Rico at the time, and therefore concludes that the most important Chupacabras.
The most common description of the chupacabra is that of a reptile-like creature, said to have leathery or scaly greenish-gray skin and sharp spines or quills running down its back. It is said to be approximately 3 to 4 feet (0.9 to 1.2 Meters) high, and stands and hops in a fashion similar to that of a kangaroo. This description was the chief one given to the few Puerto Rican reports in that claimed to have sighted the creature, with similar reports in parts of Chile and Argentina following.
The Chupacabras had been blamed for more than 1,000 mysterious animal deaths, all resulting from blood loss through one or more puncture wounds. In that time, several more eyewitnesses came forward, consistently describing the creature as being monkey-like, but having no tail. They characterized it has having large oval red eyes that sometimes glowed, gray skin, a long snake-like tongue, fangs, and long spinal quills that may double as wings. Those who saw it say the Chupacabras stands between four and five feet tall, hops like a kangaroo, and leaves a foul, sulfur-like stench. At the site of some deaths, unidentified three-toed tracks were found.
Another common description of the Chupacabras is of a strange breed of wild dog. This form is mostly hairless and has a pronounced spinal ridge, unusually pronounced eye sockets, fangs, and claws. This description started to appear in the early from reports trailing north from the Yucatán Peninsula, northern Mexico, and then into the United States; becoming the predominant description since. Unlike conventional predators, the Chupacabras is said to drain all of the animal’s blood and sometimes organs usually through three holes in the shape of a downwards-pointing triangle, but sometimes through only one or two holes.
There were reports of suspected Chupacabras in Manipur, India. Many domestic animals and poultry were killed in a manner similar to other Chupacabras attacks, and several people reported that they had seen creatures.
Report a Chupacabras? Have some Chupacabras footage a cell integrated camera or a movie camera or a video camera? Have some Chupacabras a picture? The Sassquatch’s Lair, www.sassquatch.org, Paranormal, Name, Email, Comment or Message, Submit…
Dr. Scientist
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#Magic #TLBWB #HighPriest #Witchcraft #Wizard #Witch #WitchBall #BookOfShadows #WheelOfTheYear #MagicalHerbs #MagicalOils #Incense #Pentacle #MagicCircle #MagicSpell #Grimoire
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Witch Ball
Historically in cultures that accepted Magic and Magical practitioners, Witch Balls were made, and then blessed or enchanted by the local Witch or Medicine Woman before being placed in the window of ones abode to forestall any negative energies or spirits that could cause ill will or sickness.
A Witch Ball is a hollow sphere of glass. Historically, Witch Balls were hung in cottage windows in 17th and 18th century England to ward off evil spirits, witches, evil spells, ill fortune and bad spirits. The Witch Ball is still today used extensively throughout Sussex, England and continues to hold great superstition with regard to warding off evil spirits in the English counties of East Sussex and West Sussex. The tradition was also taken to overseas British colonies, such as the former British colonies of New England, and remains popular in coastal regions.
Hanging these decorative Witch Balls in the window or on the porch is thought to tantalize mischievous spirits which may be threatening a home’s tranquillity. The wayward spirit is mesmerized by the Witch Ball’s reflective beauty. When the spirit touches the sphere it is absorbed and trapped in the web-like strands of the Witch inside the Ball.
A Witch Ball was a device used for scrying or divining things. Sometimes the Witch Ball was a magic mirror, a polished stone, or a crystal ball. Some Witches fashioned specula from Black Witch Balls filled with water. By gazing into the reflective depths, a Witch could find answers to urgent questions, predict future events, or see faraway places. In maritime villages, witches sent out the Witch Ball fishermen use to hold their nets afloat. The Witch Balls were usually made of dark blue or green glass and appeared quite innocuous.
Witch Balls measure up to 10 inches in diameter, and are occasionally decorated in enamelled stripes and swirls or varying colors. Some are mirrored for use as convex mirrors. Crystal gazers sometimes claimed they used Witch Balls in which the spirits of dead souls had been banished. Therefore, the seer was thought to be dealing with spirits. Hollow Witch Balls have been suspended in the windows of homes for centuries to ward off evil spirits. Legends say that evil spirits are attracted to the beauty of the Witch Ball, and upon touching its surface they are pulled inside and become forever trapped within the glittering web, thus protecting the home from any harm.
Superstitious European sailors valued the talismanic powers of the Witch Balls in protecting their homes. Witch Balls appeared in America in the 19th century and larger, more opaque variations are often found in gardens under the name Gazing Ball. This name derives from their being used for divination and scrying where a person gazes into them dreamily to try to see future events or to see the answers to questions. However, Gazing Balls contain no strands within their interior. Glass studios traditionally make a Witch Ball as the first object to be created in a new studio.
In the 17th century, Witch Balls and Witch Bottles were filled with holy water or salt. Balls containing salt were hung up in the chimney to keep the salt dry. Witch Balls normally have a hole in the top where a peg can be inserted; string is then attached to the peg so the ball can be hung in a chimney or over a window. Early witch balls often had a short neck sealed by a stopper. The Gazing Balls found in many of today’s gardens are derived from the Silvered Witch Balls that acted as convex mirrors, warding off evil by reflecting it away. Over time the philosophy of what a Witch Ball is and should be has changed and number artists over the years have altered the Witch Ball to include vibrant colors, strands inside, twisting patterns and shape.
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The Lost Bearded White Brother
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#LucPaquin #Spirituality #Philosophy #Logos #WorkLifeBalance
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Logos
Logos is a term used in western philosophy, psychology and rhetoric; it connotes an appeal to rational discourse that relies on inductive and deductive reasoning. Aristotle first systemised the usage of the word, making it one of the three principles of rhetoric alongside ethos and pathos. This specific use identifies the word closely to the structure and content of text itself. This specific usage has then been developed through the history of western philosophy and rhetoric.
I put in order, arrange, gather, choose, count, reckon, discern, say, speak. In modern usage, it typically connotes the verbs “Account”, “Measure”, “Reason” or “Discourse”. The word has also been used in different senses along with rhema. Both Plato and Aristotle used the term logos along with rhema to refer to sentences and propositions.
This logos holds always but humans always prove unable to ever understand it, both before hearing it and when they have first heard it. For though all things come to be in accordance with this logos, humans are like the inexperienced when they experience such words and deeds as I set out, distinguishing each in accordance with its nature and saying how it is. But other people fail to notice what they do when awake, just as they forget what they do while asleep.
For Aristotle, logos is something more refined than the capacity to make private feelings public: it enables the human being to perform as no other animal can; it makes it possible for him to perceive and make clear to others through reasoned discourse the difference between what is advantageous and what is harmful, between what is just and what is unjust, and between what is good and what is evil.
Carl Jung contrasted the critical and rational faculties of logos with emotional, non-reason oriented and mythical elements. In Jung’s approach, logos vs eros can be represented as “Science vs Mysticism”, or “Reason vs Imagination” or “Conscious Activity vs The Unconscious”.
Logos is logical appeal, and the term logic is derived from it. It is normally used to describe facts and figures that support the speaker’s topic. Furthermore, logos is credited with appealing to the audience’s sense of logic, with the definition of “Logic” being concerned with the thing as it is known.
Furthermore, one can appeal to this sense of logic in two ways. The first is through inductive reasoning, providing the audience with relevant examples and using them to point back to the overall statement. The second is through deductive enthymeme, providing the audience with general scenarios and then indicating commonalities among them.
Logos is the persuasive technique that aims to convince an audience by using logic and reason. Also called “The Logical Appeal”, logos examples in advertisement include the citation of statistics, facts, charts, and graphs. Ever told someone to “Listen To Reason” during an argument? This is what logos does. The best logos advertisement examples are when a speaker appeals to logic. Statistics, surveys, facts, and historical data can make a product seem like a more reasonable decision. Whether the data is sound or not is another story.
Luc Paquin
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#LudgerBedardConsultingPrivateDetective #LudgerBedard #JamesKurtnay #Distillery #Laboratory #Alchemy #Detective #Adventurer #Occult #Paranormal #Magic #Alchemy #3DAnimation
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Peter Franz Xaver Freiherr von Balduin
Scientific research has proven that all things in the universe, including us, are composed of electrical, and magnetic energy alongside many other forms of energy such as gravity, and radio waves. Additionally, research has delved into understanding consciousness and has shown that there is more beyond our usual awareness – beyond what we can see with our eyes.
We are living energy fields. Our physical bodies are composed of energy producing particles, each of which is in constant motion or are vibrating. For example, our heartbeat, breathing rates, and circadian rhythms are examples of physiological energy we can feel and measure.
There are a multitude of levels of consciousness and awareness which vibrate, but there are three main levels. Ludger and James in state of contracted awareness. We are controlled by our ego conditioning and believe that the conditioned thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and patterns are what we are and that the outside world is the only true reality. We feel small, isolated and separated from the world. In this state of expanded awareness level, what appeared to be threatening or a barrier are actually opportunities. We understand that everything that seems like an obstacle has a clear purpose as lessons. We can see the beauty in most things and the blessings in life. There are state of pure awareness, there is just what is and we accept what is. We feel the wholeness and unity within creation. One knows that all is the flow of the spiritual energy and creative force and consciousness filled with an abundance of all possibilities.
Ludger and James and practitioners of various esoteric forms of spirituality refer to a variety of experiences and phenomena as being due to “Energy” or “Force” that measurement from the scientific form of energy. Ludger and James has created numerous clones of themselves, intended to succeed him successively, in the event of violent death, through a conservation and regeneration device called the duplicator machine.
Human and pig cloning. The artificial cloning of organisms, sometimes known as reproductive cloning, is often accomplished via somatic-cell nuclear transfer human and pig, a cloning method in which a viable embryo is created from a somatic cell and an egg cell. The process is applied to fertilized human and pig eggs in vitro, causing them to split into identical genetic copies of the original. The artificial creation of humans and pig by a method of growing cells from a tissue or DNA sample, the replication may be instantaneous.
Balduin
Clone: 1664 (Clonal Colony Duplicator Machine: 50 years)
- Physician (No)
- Mathematics (No)
- Astronomy (No)
- Physicist (No)
- Chemistry (No)
- Engineering (No)
- Electronic (No)
- Magic (No/Yes)
- Sidekick
- Funny language effects
- Etc…
Ludger Bedard and James Kurtnay
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#LudgerBedardConsultingPrivateDetective #LudgerBedard #JamesKurtnay #Distillery #Laboratory #Alchemy #Detective #Adventurer #Occult #Paranormal #Magic #Alchemy #3DAnimation
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Ludger and James and quest alchemy provided a body of knowledge that ultimately led to the sciences of chemistry, metallurgy, and pharmacology. The unknown substance, also called “Tincture” or “Powder” sought by alchemists for its supposed ability to transform base metals into precious ones, especially gold and silver. Alchemists also believed that an “Elixir Of Life” could be derived from it. Inasmuch as alchemy was concerned with the perfection of the human soul, the “Philosopher’s Stone” was thought to cure illnesses, prolong life, and bring about spiritual revitalization.
Long shrouded in secrecy, alchemy is now recognized as the ancestor of modern chemistry. Alchemists were notorious for attempting to make synthetic gold, but their goals were far more ambitious: to transform and bend nature to the will of an industrious human imagination. For scientists, philosophers, and artists alike, alchemy seemed to hold the key to unlocking the secrets of creation. Alchemists’ efforts to discover the way the world is made have had an enduring impact on artistic practice and expression around the globe. Inventions born from alchemical laboratories include metal alloys for sculpture and ornament, oil paints, effects in glassmaking, and even the chemical baths of photography. The mysterious art of alchemy transformed visual culture from antiquity to the Industrial Age, and its legacy still permeates the world we make today.
Kurtnay Castle (Argyll, Scotland) and St James’s Palace (London, United Kingdom) is the alchemical laboratories. Molecular cloning is a set of experimental methods in molecular biology that are used to assemble recombinant DNA molecules and to direct their replication within host organisms. The use of the word cloning refers to the fact that the method involves the replication of one molecule to produce a population of cells with identical DNA molecules. Molecular cloning generally uses DNA sequences from two different organisms: the species that is the source of the DNA to be cloned, and the species that will serve as the living host for replication of the recombinant DNA. Molecular cloning methods are central to many contemporary areas of modern biology and medicine.
Cloning is the process of producing individual organisms with identical genomes, either by natural or artificial means. In nature, some organisms produce clones through asexual reproduction, this reproduction of an organism by itself without a mate is known as parthenogenesis. In the field of biotechnology, cloning is the process of creating cloned organisms of cells and of DNA fragments.
The artificial cloning of organisms, sometimes known as reproductive cloning, is often accomplished via somatic-cell nuclear transfer, a cloning method in which a viable embryo is created from a somatic cell and an egg cell. Another example of artificial cloning is molecular cloning, a technique in molecular biology in which a single living cell is used to clone a large population of cells that contain identical DNA molecules.
Ludger and James travel in Vienna, Austria, in human and pig cloning the 1664.
Ludger Bedard and James Kurtnay
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#Paranormal #DrScientist #GreyAlien #ExtrasensoryPerception #Cryptozoology #Telekinesis #Poltergeists #Ghost #UFO #Alien #Extraterrestrial
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Grey Alien
Grey aliens, also referred to as Zeta Reticulans, are purported extraterrestrial beings. According 75% of all reported alien encounters in the United States describe Grey aliens, a significantly higher proportion than other countries. Such claims vary widely, but typically Greys are described as being human-like with small bodies with smooth, grey-colored skin; enlarged, hairless heads; and large, black eyes.
Greys are typically depicted as grey-skinned, diminutive humanoid beings that possess reduced forms of, or completely lack, external human body parts such as noses, ears, or sex organs. Their bodies are usually depicted as being elongated, having a small chest, and lacking in muscular definition and visible skeletal structure. Their legs are depicted as being shorter and jointed differently from humans with limbs proportionally different from a human.
Greys are depicted as having unusually large heads in proportion to their bodies with no hair on the body, and no noticeable outer ears or noses, sometimes with small openings or orifices for ears, nostrils, and mouths. In drawings, Greys are almost always shown with very large, opaque, black eyes. They are frequently described as shorter than average adult humans.
The eyes are often a focus of abduction claims, which often describe a Grey staring into the eyes of an abductee when conducting mental procedures. This staring is claimed to induce hallucinogenic states or directly provoke different emotions.
Maybe you’ve never seen any space aliens, but recent polls indicate that up to 6 percent of Americans claim to have been abducted by them. The experience doesn’t sound pleasant. The extraterrestrials are often said to take their captives to their saucers, lay them out on a table and extract sperm from the men and impregnate the women.
You know there are a couple of common explanations for these breeding experiments. One is that the aliens are in a reproductive bind on their home world: They can no longer successfully procreate and so have come to Earth to use humans as incubators to spawn alien offspring. The other is that the aliens are producing hybrid beings that will somehow help them take over our planet.
the growing number of abductee to the increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases. He doesn’t imply a cause and effect: The abduction experiment is not responsible for global warming. Rather, it’s a reaction to it. The extraterrestrials are producing hybrids that can better withstand the rigors of a toastier planet. By producing a new model of Homo Sapiens, this project would eliminate the need for difficult climate accords or elaborate geoengineering projects. It would also help the aliens themselves, who are said to be living among us, by preserving the part of their DNA that’s carried by the temperature-tolerant hybrids.
Report a Grey Alien? Have some Grey Alien footage a cell integrated camera or a movie camera or a video camera? Have some Grey Alien a picture? The Sassquatch’s Lair, www.sassquatch.org, Paranormal, Name, Email, Comment or Message, Submit…
Dr. Scientist
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#Magic #TLBWB #HighPriest #Witchcraft #Wizard #Witch #MagicWindChime #BookOfShadows #WheelOfTheYear #MagicalHerbs #MagicalOils #Incense #Pentacle #MagicCircle #MagicSpell #Grimoire
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Magic Wind Chime
Magic Wind Chime are a type of percussion instrument constructed from suspended tubes, rods, bells or other objects that are often made of metal or wood. The tubes or rods are suspended along with some type of weight or surface which the tubes or rods can strike when they or another wind-catching surface are blown by the natural movement of air outside. They are usually hung outside of a building or residence as a visual and aural garden ornament.
Ancient Roman Wind Chimes, usually made of bronze, were called tintinnabulum and were hung in gardens, courtyards, and porticoes where wind movement caused them to tinkle. Bells were believed to ward off malevolent spirits and were often combined with a phallus, which was also a symbol of good fortune and a charm against the evil eye. These additions increased its protective powers.
In India during the second century CE, and later in China, extremely large pagodas became popular with small wind bells hung at each corner; the slightest breeze caused the clapper to swing, made in bronze too, producing a melodious tinkling. It is said that these bells were originally intended to frighten away not only birds but also any lurking evil spirits. Wind bells are also hung under the corners of temple, palace and home roofs; they are not limited to pagodas.
You may have come across several Magic Wind Chime with traditional symbols. The placement of such Magic Wind Chime entirely depends on the symbol used. Paying attention to the number of the rods or bells is equally important. Numbers six and eight are the most popular numbers of bells or rods in a Magic Wind Chime to attract positive energy. For those looking to suppress negative energy, using a Magic Wind Chime with five rods is recommended. While you can place Magic Wind Chime anywhere in your home, it is advisable to hang these in the direction of wind-flow to increase the effect.
Magic Wind Chime are known to bring in positive energy at home. If the entrance of your home is in the North-West zone, hanging a white Magic Wind Chime can bring in a lot of positive energy. Magic Wind Chime were, and still are, used to scare away evil spirits and hung in doorways and windows to dissuade bad luck from entering a home. The sound of Magic Wind Chime blowing in the wind has the ability to reduce stress and promote relaxation and calmness. Their sounds are considered to have a healing effect on body and mind. They relieve fatigue and encourage listening, creativity and upbeat feelings.
The tones that reverberate through the Magic Wind Chime are believed to unblock emotional stress and bring a feeling of inner peace and conscious awareness. Listening to Magic Wind Chime also creates a sense of balance in one’s life. Magic Wind Chime were used to detect early, minor changes in wind speeds that signaled oncoming storms.
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The Lost Bearded White Brother
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#LucPaquin #Spirituality #Philosophy #Pathos #WorkLifeBalance
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Pathos
Pathos is a Greek word meaning “Suffering” that has long been used to relay feelings of sadness or strong emotion. It was adopted into the English language in the 16th century to describe a quality that stirs the emotions, often produced by a real-life tragedy or moving music or speech.
Pathos became the foundation for many other English words.
- Empathy: The ability to understand and feel the emotions of others.
- Pathology: The study of disease, which can surely cause suffering.
- Pathetic: Something that causes others to feel pity.
- Sympathy: A shared feeling of sadness.
- Sociopath: Causing harm to society.
- Psychopath: Suffering in the mind.
We see Pathos in everyday life through rhetoric. Whether it’s family, friends or advertisers, people are constantly trying to persuade you of something by appealing to your emotions. However, you can also find Pathos in formal arguments, including famous speeches and political addresses.
Whenever someone tries to make you feel bad enough to do something, they’re using Pathos as a rhetorical tool. They can also use Pathos to explain how happy they would feel if you helped them out, or how hard it will be for them if you don’t.
If a political speech has ever made you feel inspired, angry or upset, it’s used Pathos correctly. Politicians and activists rely on appealing to their audience’s feelings to make them feel a certain way and to persuade them to do something.
Pathos is persuasive technique that try to convince an audience through emotions. Pathos advertisement techniques appeal to the senses, memory, nostalgia, or shared experience. Pathos examples pull at the heartstrings and make the audience feel. A quick way to appeal to a viewer’s emotions? A cute animal. A devastated family. A love story. Overcoming great odds.
Luc Paquin
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#LudgerBedardConsultingPrivateDetective #LudgerBedard #JamesKurtnay #Distillery #Laboratory #Alchemy #Detective #Adventurer #Occult #Paranormal #Magic #Alchemy #3DAnimation
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London 1590s
Europe in the 1590s was on the cusp of great change. In the latter half of the decade, a series of treaties finally ended religious warfare that had plagued France, the Low Countries, England, and Spain for decades. In England, an aging, childless queen fanned the anxieties of her councilors and her people, as they wondered who would lead them next. Amongst European powers, like the Netherlands, England, Spain, and Portugal, commercial competition fueled a nascent proto-industrial, globalized economy. As each decade sees its regressions and advancements, glories and unanticipated strife, the sixteenth century came to a close at the front steps of the modern world.
Early modern London was an expanding metropolis filled with diverse life, from courtiers, merchants and artisans to prostitutes, beggars and cutpurses. Its populace of roughly 100,000 people included royalty, nobility, merchants, artisans, laborers, actors, beggars, thieves, and spies, as well as refugees from political and religious persecution on the continent. England’s budding economy, merchants from the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, and even further afield set up shop in London. As a result, Londoners would hear a variety of accents and languages as they strolled about the city, a chorus of voices from across Europe and from all walks of life.
Though royalty, the court, and aristocrats may have been the most visible members of London society, a large portion of early modern London’s population worked for a living. The city’s tradesmen, artificers, merchants and manufacturers may claim much of the credit for London’s growth. Technological advances made it possible to churn out pamphlets, sermons, plays, poems, proclamations, diatribes, and jeremiads at a tremendous rate. Booksellers took these varied materials and made them available to patrons from across London, nobility, wealthy bourgeois, artisans and even the literate poor.
Although anyone who had some level of trade, craft, or artisanal skill could make a life in London, one obstacle they faced was the guild system, a holdover from a medieval mode of organizing and regulating labour. Guilds had provided valuable social and commercial structure, establishing hierarchies, from apprentice to master, based on experience and skill level. They also provided a means of excluding undesirable members. If for some reason a London tradesman fell into disfavour in a guild, he could be censured or even expelled. Such exclusion could have drastic consequences, plunging the hapless tradesman into poverty – which, in London, was a serious predicament. Early modern London was a bad place to be poor.
Ludger Bedard